ICEF - International Cultural Exchange Foundation

Dutch Currency : 1641-1795 and 1818-1825

The following are the common coinages of Dutch we see in market circulation:-

When Islamic Influence Found In Malacca….? Where Is Malacca In 600 Years?

Parameswara, today, we all know, in fact, whose name means 'prince-consort', was the husband of a Majapahit princess, according to Sumatra tradition, he was a Sailendra prince of Palembang…he took refuse in Tumasik (Singapore) during the war broke out in 1401 between Virabumi of East Java and King Vikramavarddha of Majapahit, then under a chief who owed allegiance to Siam. In 1402 he was driven out by the Raja of Pahang or Patani, also a vassal of Siam, then he settled down at Malacca, an insignificant village of sea-rovers and fishermen….Parameswara rapidly built up a market for irregular goods, a pirate center, then by forcing all vessels passing through the Straits of Malacca, at expenses of Samudra and Singapore.

When Chinese Influence Found In Malacca….How It Develop ?

But, both Siam and Majapahit claimed suzerainty over Peninsula….in 1403, when Malacca was visited by a Ming Dynasty envoy, Yin-King, Parameswara seixed the opportunity to seek recognization from Ming Emperor and support against Siam….in 1405, Parameswara sent an embassy to China and received recognization…that's the beginning of the history"Cheng Ho was send to Malacca in 1409 with his war fleet…Cheng Ho was a Muslim! All know, before that, in 1403, ambassadors were sent from port to port with a war fleet, to Java where two kings were found, also to Malacca…..Megat Iskandar Shah is the Muslim name of Parameswara……This is the history of Malacca begin….Islamic influence begin also.

Footnote:

What Other Historians, Archaeologists & Academics Said About 'Malay Peninsula>Malayu> Malacca'? How Our ICEF-MAM Time Capsule Read It………

In Peninsula, the earliest Islamic document is a stone inscription at "Trengganu", it's somewhere between 1303-1387…..it was the rise of Malacca that gave the real impact to the conversion of the Peninsula …still there has been much divergence of view regarding the dating of the city's foundation……

Hinduzation has been generally applied by scholars to the impact of Indian culture upon South East Asia……in spite of the fact that Buddhism played an important role in the movement, and Theravada Buddhism ultimately became the dominant faith of Burma and Arakan, the Thai states and Cambodia. Where Hinduism disappeared before Islam in the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia at the end of he European Middle Ages, Buddhism continued to receive the staunch allegiance of the countries it had conquered.

Relations between the western ports of South East Asia and India may go back well into the prehistoric period. Traders and shippers from both sides were involved. So far as historical evidence goes, the first signs of states formed in the manner that has been described in the preceding section show that they were in existence by the end of the second century A.D. They appear ib three regions: (A) that of lower Mekong and its delta (B) north of Hue in modern Annam, and (C) the northern part of the Malay Peninsula

In the absence of archaeological and epigraphical materials earlier than the fifth century…Funan's capital city was for some time Vyadhapura, "the city of hunters", which lay near the hill Bab Phnom and the village of Banam in the present Cambolia province of Prei Veng. The Chinese say that it was 120 miles from the sea. Oc Eo, its port, on the maritime fringe of the Mekong delta bordering the Gulf of Siam. These were linked up with each other and with the sea by canals large enough to take sea-going ships, so that it was possible for Chinese travelers to talk about sailing across Funan on their way to the Malay Peninsula.

Oc Eo was a center of industry and trade; its site bears evidence of maritime relations with the Mediterranean. It was situated on what was in its day the great maritime highway between China and the West. The Funanese were of Malay race, and still in the tribal state at the dawn of history. The culture of Oc Eo itself is characterized by M. Malleret as half-indigenous, half foreign,; its foreign affinities, he says, were almost entirely with India!

Dr. O.W. Wolters observed that, until the end of the eleventh century , China was dependent upon foreign ships in her commerce with the Nanyang. Trade had to be carried on according to the "tributary" system laid down by he imperial court in its dealings with individual foreign states. It meant, trade with China was not open and fre to all merchants, Chinese or foreign. It was restricted to the "tribute" missions sent to the emperor by his vessal babariana rules, ro , at least, to the so-called vassals

From the seventh century until the leadership passed from the Palembang to Malayu (Jambi) at the end of the eleventh century, Palembang, with a well-governed port, and at the head of a loosely knit empire of trading ports, provided just the sort of entreport needed by merchants trading to and from China..

All this changed during the period of the Southern Sung (1127-1278). Their dependence upon seaborne trade led to them to open the trade with the Nanyang to Chinese vessels. There was a great expansion of the Chinese merchant marine, and Chinese vessels began to trade directly with South East Asian ports.

During the Mongol period (1278-1367) things got worse for Srivijaya. By 1330 Chinese merchants were handling much of the freight of the Indian Ocean, while the north Sumantra harbous, Aru, Samudra, Lamuri and Perlac, were becoming independent centers of trade. Thus Palembang and Malayu ceased to be needed as entrepots by Asian traders, and Chinese reports significantly mention that San-fo-chi was using force to compel ships to visit its harbours.

In such a way, and for reasons outside the control of the maharajas, did Srivijaya system of commerce break down; its imperial power dwindled, and foreign accounts of the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries speak of piracy!

In the Malay Peninsula Cherok Tekun, on the mainland opposite Penang, has yielded some fragments o rock inscriptions in Sanskrit that have been attributed to the fourth century. A slightly later one comes from near Bukit Meriam in Kedah. It is on a slate slab found in a ruined brick house which may have been the cell of a Buddhist monk.

The late neloithic site of Kuala Selinsing in Perak has yielded a fifth century cornelian seal inscribed with the name of Sri Vishnuvarnam…most interesting is from Province Wellesley, seven-tiered umbrella, Sanskrit text consists of the Buddhist verse quoted above a prayer for the success of a voyage projected by one Buddhagupta, the master of a junk, who reside in the "Red Land"….The Red Earthe Land, known to the Chinese as Ch'ih-tu is described in a text containing the report of a Chinese mission there early in the seventh century. Thus Mahayana Buddhism was in Malay at this time, and had apparently been brought there from South India!

The Following Attachment are the genuine and real tin coinage series, dating from early 15th century, Malacca Sultanate Period, Portuguese Period and Dutch Period, as photos shown. We also attached the hand drawings for each tin coins artifacts, according to each coin's exact sizes and designs, for all to study and kind reference.

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